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The Polish railways network consists of around of track as of 2008, of which the vast majority is electrified at 3 kV DC overhead. Poland is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC): its UIC Country Code is 51. Rail services are operated by a range of public and private rail operators. The nationally owned PKP Group operates the majority of rail services. In addition to PKP owned companies, there are a number of private cargo operators, as well as a number of independent passenger operators, owned predominantly by Voivodeship governments. == Overview == The network is generally electrified, and the vast majority was built before World War II by different rail companies when territory was part of other countries, including the Deutsche Reichsbahn and Russian Imperial State Railways or by the Communist authorities from 1946 onwards. Due to the average age of the network and lack of maintenance, many sections are limited to speeds below even on trunk lines. Some allow . Since Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004, major financing has been made available by European financing institutions to improve both the Polish rail network and the rolling stock fleet. Up to June 2014, the European Investment Bank had provided loans totaling €1.9 billion for rail modernization projects in Poland.〔'EIB supports modernisation of Polish railways with EUR 268m loan,' http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_BEI-14-122_en.htm〕〔'EIB supports increase in Polish train speeds,' Railway Gazette International 25 October 2012, http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/eib-supports-increase-in-polish-train-speeds.html〕 An additional €578 million had been provided through December 2013 to modernize 70 percent of PKP Intercity rolling stock.〔'EIB supports upgrade of Polish railways with EUR 186m loan,' http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_BEI-13-249_en.htm〕 The €665 million purchase of twenty Alstom Pendolino high speed trains delivered in 2014 was financed in part by €342 million from the European Investment Bank.〔'EIB increases Polish Pendolino loan,' Railway Gazette International, 15 May 2013 http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/eib-increases-polish-pendolino-loan.html〕 Poland currently has no ''high-speed lines'' operated at speeds above . The Central Rail Line, ''centralna magistrala kolejowa'', 'CMK', which links Warsaw to Katowice and Kraków, was designed with an alignment to permit , but for over 30 years after its construction Poland possessed no rolling stock capable of speeds above . Since 2008 the CMK has been upgraded to allow higher speeds, including installation of European Train Control System Level 1 which provides the Cab signalling required by high speed trains. Most trains on the CMK still operate at speeds up to , but since 14 December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino ED250 trains operate on a 90km section of the CMK at , and improvements under way should raise the authorized speed to on most of the line. In test runs on the CMK in November 2013 a new Pendolino ED250 train set a new Polish speed record of .〔'Bariera 300 km/h nie padła. Na koniec testów 293 km/h,' Rynek Kolejowy, 2013 11 24, http://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/49466/bariera_300_km_h_nie_padla_na_koniec_testow_293_km_h.htm〕 In 2011-2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route has undergone a major upgrading costing $3 billion, partly funded by the European Investment Bank, including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to , modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern ETCS Level 2 signalling system, which is to be completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,〔'Polish Pendolino launches 200 km/h operation,' Railway Gazette International, 15 December 2014, http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/polish-pendolino-launches-200-kmh-operation.html〕〔'Pendolino z Trójmiasta do Warszawy,' http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html〕 to be reduced in late 2015 to 2 hours 37 minutes.〔';Jeszcze szybciej z Warszawy do Gdańska,' Kurier Kolejowy 9 01 2015 http://www.kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html〕 In 2008, the government announced the construction of a dedicated high speed line based on the French TGV model and possibly using TGV style trainsets, by 2020. The Y-shaped line would link Warsaw to Łódź, Poznań and Wrocław at speeds of up to }. The plans included an upgrade of the Central Rail Line to or more, as this line has an LGV-like profile. In December 2011 plans to build the high speed 'Y' line were postponed until 2030, due to the high cost.〔'Polish high speed rail project cancelled,' Railway Gazette International, 8 December 2011, http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/polish-high-speed-rail-project-cancelled.html〕〔http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,101562,10779265,Rzad_odklada_szybka_kolej_na_polke.html〕 Polskie Koleje Państwowe (PKP), a state-owned corporate group, is the main provider of railway services, holding an almost complete monopoly in rail services as it is both supported and partly funded by the government. * There are three main PKP companies: * * PKP PLK - owns and maintains infrastructure including lines and stations. * * PKP Intercity - provides long-distance connections on the most popular routes. Trains are divided into the categories: EuroNight (EN), EuroCity (EC), Express InterCity (EIC), Express InterCity Premium (EIP)- generally faster and more expensive, InterCity (IC) and (TLK) (interregional fast trains, slower than EN/EC/EIC but cheaper) and international fast trains. * * PKP Cargo provides cargo rail transport. As of 2008, foreign services include EuroCity and EuroNight trains between Western and Eastern Europe, most notably the EN Jan Kiepura direct sleeping cars between Russia and Amsterdam, Basel and Munich via Warsaw, Poznan and Germany. They generally consist of coaches from different rail operators that are added to the train as it passes through their area of operation. * Przewozy Regionalne formerly PKP Przewozy Regionalne, is a train operator in Poland, responsible for local and interregional passenger transportation. Each day it runs approximately 3,000 regional trains. During 2002 it carried 215 million passengers. Regional trains, categories: Regio, InterRegio, RegioExpress, InterRegioBus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rail transport in Poland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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